Everything about Archilochos totally explained
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hummingbird genus, see
Archilochus.
Archilochus (
Greek: Ἀρχίλοχος) (c.
680 BC-c.
645 BC) was a
Greek poet and supposed
mercenary.
Life and poetry
The details of his life are inferred from his poetry, doubtless including details that were traditional in Antiquity. Archilochus was born on the island of
Paros. His father, Telesicles, who was from a noble family, had conducted a colony to
Thasos, in obedience to the command of the
Delphic oracle. To this island Archilochus himself, hard pressed by poverty, afterwards removed. Another reason for leaving his native place was personal disappointment and indignation at the treatment he'd received from Lycambes, a citizen of
Paros, who had promised him his daughter Neobule in marriage, but had afterwards withdrawn his consent. Archilochus, taking advantage of the license allowed at the feasts of
Demeter, poured out his wounded feelings in unmerciful
satire. He accused Lycambes of
perjury, and recited such verses against his daughters, that Lycambes and his daughters are said to have hanged themselves.
1) Colonized
Thasos; was part of general ‘colonization’ efforts of his era (750-550 B.C.;
2) Was a
mercenary soldier by profession—typical of many landless, rootless ‘younger’ or illegitimate sons (no inheritance) in
Archaic Greece, when ‘overpopulation’ was a major problem;
3) Was a ‘
Lyric’ = ‘personal’ topics, poet; the 1st of the known Lyric poets, who broke with Homeric Epic poetry style to write of their own lives, experiences, feelings, attitudes. Other sig. Lyric poets included
Sappho,
Alcman, etc
Along with the epics of
Homer and
Hesiod, the satires of Archilochus were one of the mainstays of itinerant
rhapsodes, who made a living declaiming poetry at both religious festivals and private homes.
In the historical and poetic imagination, Archilochus represents the romantic intersection of the fighting and the poetic spirits; this dual aspect of his personality is captured with brevity in the following poetic fragment, wherein he describes himself as both a warrior and a poet:
» Εἰμὶ δ' ἐγὼ θεράπων μὲν Ἐνυαλίοιο ἄνακτος,
καὶ Μουσέων ἐρατὸν δῶρον ἐπιστάμενος.
» Although I'm a servant of Lord Enyalios [Ares,god of war],
I also know well the lovely gift of the Muses.
Alternate Translation:
» I am two things: a warrior who follows Mavors lord of battle
And a poet, who understands the gift of the muses love.
At Thasos the poet passed some unhappy years; his hopes of wealth were disappointed:
» These golden matters
Of Gyges and his treasuries » Are no concern of mine.
Jealousy has no power over me, » Nor do I envy a god his work,
And I don't burn to rule. » Such things have no
Fascination for my eyes.
According to him, Thasos was the meeting-place of the calamities of all
Hellas. The inhabitants were frequently involved in quarrels with their neighbors, and in a war against the Saians— a
Thracian tribe— he threw away his shield and fled from the field of battle. He doesn't seem to have felt the disgrace very keenly, for, like
Alcaeus, he commemorates the event: in a surviving fragment he congratulates himself on having saved his life, and says he can easily procure another shield:
» Some barbarian is waving my shield,
since I was obliged to » leave that perfectly good piece of equipment behind
under a bush. » But I got away, so what does it matter?
Life seemed somehow more precious. » Let the shield go; I can buy another one equally good.
After leaving Thasos, he's said to have visited
Sparta, but to have been at once banished from that city on account of his cowardice and the licentious character of his works (
Valerius Maximus vi. 3, externa 1). He next visited
Magna Graecia, Hellenic southern
Italy, of which he speaks very favorably. He then returned to his native home on
Paros, and was slain in a battle against the
Naxians by one Calondas or Corax, who was cursed by the oracle for having slain a servant of the
Muses.
The writings of Archilochus consisted of
elegies,
hymns— one of which used to be sung by the victors in the
Olympic games— and of poems in the
iambic and
trochaic measures. Greek
rhetors credited him with the invention of iambic poetry and its application to satire. The only previous measures in Greek poetry had been the
epic hexameter, and its offshoot the elegiac meter; but the slow measured structure of hexameter verse was utterly unsuited to express the quick, light motions of satire.
Archilochus made use of the
iambus and the
trochee, and organized them into the two forms of meter known as the
iambic trimeter and the
trochaic tetrameter. The trochaic meter he generally used for subjects of a vicarious nature; the iambic for satires. He was also the first to make use of the arrangement of verses called the
epode.
Horace in his meters to a great extent follows Archilochus. All ancient authorities unite in praising the poems of Archilochus, in terms that appear exaggerated. His verses seem certainly to have possessed strength, flexibility, nervous vigor, and, beyond everything else, impetuous vehemence and energy: Horace speaks of the "rage" of Archilochus, and
Hadrian calls his verses "raging iambics." His countrymen reverenced him as the equal of Homer, and statues of these two poets were dedicated on the same day. His poems were written in the old
Ionic dialect.
Only fragments of Archilochus' poems survive; these are collected in the
Greek Anthology.
Recent discoveries
Thirty lines of a previously unknown poem in the
elegiac meter by Archilochos describing events leading up to the
Trojan War, in which Achaeans battled
Telephus king of
Mysia, have recently been identified among the unpublished manuscripts from
Oxyrhynchus and published in The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Volume LXIX. (Graeco-Roman Memoirs 89.) by N. Gonis, D. Obbink, et al.
Further Information
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